영국법 영국 형사법 따라잡기(15) - 성범죄(상)
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작성일 14-01-22 18:18
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SEXUAL OFFENCES(PART 1)
성범죄(상)
a) Distinguishing rape and sexual assault
강간 및 강제추행 구별
The table below summarises the different types of sexual offences in England and Wales:
Offence 범죄 |
Elements of offence 범죄내용 |
Comments 특이사항 |
Max. sentence 최고형 |
Rape |
Intentional penetration of the victim's vagina, anus or mouth with the defendant's penis, in circumstances where the victim does not consent to the penetration and the defendant does not reasonably believe that the victim consents. |
A person consents if he agrees by choice and has the freedom and capacity to make that choice. |
Life imprisonment. |
Assault by penetration |
Intentional penetration of the victim's vagina or anus with a part of the defendant's body or with anything else, in circumstances where the penetration is sexual, the victim does not consent and the defendant does not reasonably believe that the victim consents. |
Penetration is sexual if a reasonable person would consider it to be sexual, either because it is sexual in nature or because it is sexual due to the circumstances or the purpose of any person in relation to it. |
Life imprisonment. |
Sexual assault |
Intentional touching of a victim by the defendant where the touching is sexual and the victim does not consent to the touching and the defendant does not reasonably believe that the victim consents. |
|
10 years' imprisonment on indictment. |
Causing a person to engage in sexual activity without consent s.4 SOA 2003 |
Intentionally causing a person to engage in a sexual activity where the victim does not consent to engaging in the activity and the defendant does not reasonably believe that the victim consents. |
The offence is indictable only if the activity involved any of the following: a) Penetration of the victim's anus or vagina; b) Penetration of the victim's mouth with a penis; c) Penetration of a person's anus or mouth with a part of the victim's body or by the victim with anything else; d) Penetration of a person's mouth with the victim's penis. |
Life imprisonment for the indictable only offence. |
b) Distinguishing sex without full consent and rape by intruding into the victim's house
동의받지 않은 성관계, 가택 등 침입해서 강제적인 성관계 등 행위에 따른 구별
The sentencing guidelines for rape state that it is impossible to say that any one form of rape(non-consensual penetration) is inherently more serious than another. The starting point for all types of rape is usually 5 years' imprisonment in a case involving an adult victim. Where there are any aggravating factors identified, the suggested starting point is 8 years' imprisonment.
강간에 대한 형량기준에는 동의가 없는 삽입행위의 유형중 어떤 것이 더 중대한 범죄라고 단정하기가 불가능하다고 명시되어있다. 따라서 강간유형을 막론하고 형량의 최소기준은 성인피해자일 경우 5년 징역형이다. 가중처벌요인들이 포함된 경우, 최소형량의 기준은 8년 징역형이다.
Aggravating factors, which may lead to a higher starting point, include for example:
최소 형량기준을 높일수 있는 가중처벌요소들은 다음과 같을수 있다:
- The planning of an offence as opposed to an opportunistic offence(e.g. where an intruder has waited until the victim is alone at home);
우연한 기회로 범죄를 저지른 게 아닌, 계획을 통하여 범죄를 저지른 경우(예를 들어 피해자가 홀로 집에 혼자 남아있을 때까지 기다린 침입자의 경우)
- The rape is accompanied by abduction or detention;
피해자를 강간 후 납치 또는 구금한 경우
- Background of intimidation or coercion;
피해자를 위협하거나 협박한 경우
- More than one offender acting together;
범죄자가 2인이상 모여 같이 범행을 저지른 경우
- Repeated rape over a course of time.
일정시간동안 반복적으로 강간을 한 경우
In a case where the offender and victim engaged in consensual activity on the same occasion and immediately before the offence took place, a lower sentence might be imposed by the court.
범죄가 일어나기 직전 범죄자와 피해자간 상호동의에 따른 성적행위가 있었던 경우, 평상시보다 가벼운 형량이 내려질 수 있다
There is also an additional offence of trespass with intent to commit a sexual offence. The maximum penalty for that offence is 10 years' imprisonment. Where the intended sexual offence is rape, the starting point for sentence is 4 years' imprisonment.
성범죄를 저지를 목적으로 불법침입을 하는 범죄 역시 존재한다. 이에 대한 최고형량은 10년이다. 저지르려고 했던 성범죄가 강간일 경우, 최소형량기준은 4년 징역형이다.
c) Whether there are additional penalties for raping/sexually molesting a minor
미성년자강간(강제추행)이 가중처벌되는지?
The sentence for sexual offences where the victim is a minor will usually be higher than in cases involving adult victims. For example, the starting point for rape involving an adult victim and other aggravating factors is 8 years' imprisonment. Where the victim is a child aged between 13 and 16 years, the recommended starting point for sentence is 10 years' imprisonment. Where the victim is a child under 13 years the recommended starting point is 13 years' imprisonment.
미성년자에게 저지른 성범죄는 성인에게 저지른 성범죄보다 형량이 더 무거운 경우가 일반적이다. 예를 들어 성인피해자인 경우 최소 형량기준은 가중처벌요인들을 포함하여 8년징역형인데에 반해, 피해자가 13세이상 16세미만일 경우 권고 최소기준은 10년이다. 피해자가 13세미만일 경우 권고최소기준은 13년이다.
The main sexual offences involving children under the age of 13 years are summarized in the table below:
13세미만의 아동에 대한 성범죄에 대한 내용은 다음과 같다.
Rape of a child under 13 |
Intentional penetration of the vagina, anus or mouth of a person under 13 years old with the defendant's penis. |
|
Life imprisonment. |
Assault of a child under 13 by penetration |
Intentional penetration of the vagina or anus of a person under the 13 years old with a part of the defendant's body or anything else, where the penetration is sexual.
|
|
Life imprisonment. |
Sexual assault of a child under 13 |
Intentional touching of another person under 13 years old by the defendant, where the touching is sexual. |
|
14 years' imprisonment on indictment. 6 months' imprisonment on summary conviction. |
Causing or inciting a child under 13 to engage in a sexual activity s.8 SOA 2003 |
Intentional causing or inciting of a person under 13 years old to engage in sexual activity. 피고인이 고의적으로13세미만의 피해자로 하여금 성행위를 하게 한 행위 |
The offence is indictable only if the activity involved any of the following: a) Penetration of the victim's anus or vagina; b) Penetration of the victim's mouth with a penis; c) Penetration of a person's anus or mouth with a part of the victim's body or by the victim with anything else; d) Penetration of a person's mouth with the victim's penis. |
Life imprisonment for the indictable only offence. |
Sexual activity with a child |
Intentional touching of another person where the touching is sexual and either: i) the victim is under 16 and the defendant does not reasonably believe that the victim is 16 or over; or ii) The victim is under 13 years. |
The offence is indictable only if the activity involved any of the following: |
14 years' imprisonment for the indictable only offence. |
Causing or inciting a child to engage in sexual activity |
Intentionally causing or inciting the victim to engage in sexual activity where either: i) the victim is under 16 and the defendant does not reasonably believe that the victim is 16 or over; or ii) The victim is under 13 years. The defendant must be 18 years or over. |
The offence is indictable only if the activity involved any of the following: |
14 years' imprisonment for the indictable only offence. |
Engaging in sexual activity in the presence of a child |
Intentionally engaging in a sexual activity for the purpose of obtaining sexual gratification, when the victim is present or is in a place from which he can be observed. The victim must be either under 13 years old or must be under 16 years old(where defendant does not reasonably believe that the victim is 16 or over). |
|
10 years' imprisonment on indictment. 6 months' imprisonment on summary conviction. |
Causing a child to watch a sexual act |
Intentionally causing the victim to watch a third person engaging in a sexual activity or to look at an image of any person engaging in an activity, where the purpose is for obtaining sexual gratification. The victim must be under 13 years old or must be under 16 years old(where the defendant does not reasonably believe that the victim is 16 or over). |
|
10 years' imprisonment on indictment. 6 months' imprisonment on summary conviction. |
Child sex offences committed by children or young persons |
Any offence under sections 9-12 SOA 2003 by a defendant under 18 years old. |
|
5 years' imprisonment on indictment. |
d) Whether there are additional penalties for raping/sexually molesting an employee (someone who works for the perpetrator)
부하, 종업원 등 지휘감독하에 있는 사람에 대한 강간(강제추행) 가중처벌되는지?
There are no additional penalties as such for sexual offences committed by an employer against an employee but an abuse of trust can be taken into account as an aggravating factor by the court when determining the sentence for the offence.
고용주가 종업원에 대한 성범죄를 저지른 경우 추가처벌은 없으나, 범죄에 대한 형량을 정하는 과정에서 지위남용을 가중처벌요인으로 감안할 수는 있다.
e) Whether there can be a rape charge between husband and wife
부부간 강제적인 성관계 처벌되는지?
It is possible to have a rape charge in circumstances where the defendant and the victim are married. In such cases, the issue to be determined is usually whether or not the victim consented to the sexual intercourse/act on the particular occasion alleged.
피고인와 피해자가 결혼한 경우에도 강간범죄가 성립될 수 있다. 이런 경우 피해자가 그 당시에 성적행위에 대해 동의했는지의 여부가 결정되어야 한다.
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